研究生英语精读教程（第四版）（研究生英语系列教材）

作者简介

高原，中国科学院大学外语系主任、教授。中国科学技术史学会语言、文学与科学研究专业委员会主任；北京市高等教育学会研究生英语教学研究分会理事长；中国学术英语教学研究会副会长。长期从事语言学教学和外语教学工作。研究方向为认知语言学和认知诗学。出版学术专著2部，合著1本，发表论文40余篇，主持或主持完成国家社会科学基金项目等多个研究课题。

内容简介

Unit 1 Scientific Discovery
Listening and Speaking
Listening Exercises
Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear a long conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will hear some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
1. A. California.
B. Japan.
C. Philippines.
D. Indonesia.
2. A. National defense.
B. Higher education.
C. Public transportation.
D. Public health.
3. A. Because she wants to illustrate how international science collaboration benefits both countries.
B. Because she wants to show how the building platform works differently in the US and in Japan.
C. Because she wants to demonstrate her concern that the US is lagging technologically.
D. Because she wants to compare the differences between Japanese buildings and American ones.
4. A. There are many tall buildings in California.
B. There are many earthquakes in California.
C. There are many tourists from California to Japan.
D. There are many scientists in California.
Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear a recording. At the end of the recording, you will hear some questions. Both the recording and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
1. A. In 2016.
B. In 2018.
C. In 2019.
D. In 2017.
2. A. Increasing nationalism.
B. Financial pressures.
C. The COVID-19 pandemic.
D. The war in Ukraine.
3. A. They feel indifferent about the current situation.
B. They feel helpless regarding the current situation.
C. They are concerned about the current situation.
D. They are satisfied with the current situation.
Speaking Exercises
Section A Directions: Talk about the following topic. In your opinion, what might be the benefits and challenges in international scientific collaboration?
Section B Directions: Describe the following figures about trends in international research collaboration in China as a whole and its world-class universities.
Section C Directions: Summarize the main points made in the two listening recordings in the listening section and explain how they agree with or contradict each other.
Reading and Writing
Text A Evolution and Natural Selection
The idea of evolution was known to some of the Greek philosophers. By the time of Aristotle，speculation had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them. But all this was guessing; no real evidence was forthcoming. When, in modern times, the idea of evolution was revived, it appeared in the writings of the philosophers—Bacon, Descartes, Leibnitz and Kant. Herbert Spencer was preaching a full evolutionary doctrine in the years just before Darwin’s book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it. Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.
The first complete theory was that of Lamarck (1744–1829), who thought that modifications due to environment, if constant and lasting, would be inherited and produce a new type. Though no evidence for such inheritance was available, the theory gave a working hypothesis for naturalists to use, and many of the social and philanthropic efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.
But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend Robert Malthus10 (1766–1834), sometime curate of Albury in Surrey. The English people were increasing rapidly, and Malthus argued that the human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence unless the redundant individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true, but Darwin writes: