中国西南地区常见食用菌和毒菌

作者简介

内容简介

**章中国西南地区的地理环境与真菌资源概况
　　Brief introduction to geographic conditions and fungal resources in southwestern China
　　**节中国西南地区地理环境
　　Section 1 Geographic conditions in southwestern China
　　中国西南地区包括重庆市、四川省、贵州省、云南省、西藏自治区共 5个省（自治区、直辖市）（图 1），地跨四川盆地、云贵高原、青藏高原东南部等广大地区。该区地形地貌复杂，海拔高差悬殊，从云南东南部的河口海拔仅 76.4 m到“世界屋脊”的珠穆朗玛峰海拔 8848.86 m，海拔高差 8700多米。
　　全区深受亚热带季风气候和高原山地气候的影响，特别是受到印度洋和太平洋两支暖湿气流的影响，雨量充沛，河流众多，许多地方冬暖夏凉。该区孕育了热带、亚热带、亚高山及高山温带各种类型的植被，有高等植物约 17 000种，陆生动物 1400余种，均各占全国的一半以上。该区生物资源十分丰富，是世界级的生物多样性热点地区，素有“动植物和真菌王国”之称。
　　图 1 中国地图，示其西南（灰色部分）所在地理位置
　　Fig. 1 Map of China， showing the geographical location of its southwestern part (in grey)
　　第二节中国西南地区真菌资源
　　Section 2 Fungal resources in southwestern China
　　野生食用菌、毒菌、药用菌及许多目前用途尚不明确的真菌都属于人们关注的真菌资源。据统计，中国有野生食用菌 1000余种、毒菌 480余种和药用菌 690余种（上海农业科学院食用菌研究所 ， 1991; 卯晓岚 ， 2006; 戴玉成等 ， 2010; 图力古尔等 ， 2014; Wu et al.， 2019）。在中国西南地区，已知野生食用菌 800余种、毒菌 200余种、药用菌 300余种，在全国独占鳌头（王云章等 ， 1983; 吴兴亮 ， 1989; 卯晓岚等 ， 1993; 应建浙和臧穆 ， 1994; 袁明生和孙佩琼 ， 1995; 臧穆 ， 1996; 王向华和刘培贵 ， 2002; 王向华等 ， 2004; 贺新生 ， 2011; 刘培贵 ， 2016; 普布次仁等， 2016; 马明等， 2017）。而且，研究人员还在不断发现该区的真菌新资源（Cui et al.， 2018; Du et al.， 2019; Wang et al.， 2019; Ge et al.， 2020; Han et al.， 2020; Jian et al.， 2020）。
　　据估计，仅云南每年野生食用菌自然产量就达 50万吨，每年开发利用的新鲜野生食用菌约 10万吨（王德 ， 2005）。例如，在云南野生食用菌产业链中，从事收购、加工、出口的企业和公司已逾 400余家，仅松茸出口就创汇 2亿多美元（云南省食用菌协会 ， 2007）。如今，云南野生食用菌年产值已达 100亿元。
　　野生食用蘑菇具有较高的营养价值，其蛋白质含量是大白菜、番茄等常见蔬菜的 3～ 6倍，含有多种维生素、十多种对人体有益的微量元素和人体自身不能合成的 8种氨基酸，不含或很少含有脂肪和胆固醇。由于野生食用菌风味鲜美，营养丰富，故被誉为“山珍”。
　　Southwestern China covers Chongqing Municipality， Sichuan Province， Guizhou Province， Yunnan Province and Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region (Fig. 1). It spans a vast area， including the Sichuan Basin， Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau， and the southeast part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The topography of this area is complex and the altitude differences are great. From the lowest point， Hekou， in southeastern Yunnan， at an elevation of only 76.4 m， to the peak of Mount Qomolangma， “the roof of the world，” at an elevation of 8，848.86 m， the difference in elevation is over 8，700 m.
　　The whole region is deeply influenced by a subtropical monsoon climate and a plateau mountain climate. It is especially affected by two， warm， humid air flows; from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Consequently， there is abundant rainfall and numerous rivers in the region. Many parts of the area have warm winters and cool summers. The tropical， subtropical， subalpine and alpine temperate vegetation in the region supports about 17，000 species of higher plants， over 1，400 species of land animals， comprising over 50% of the taxa respectively in the country. The area is particularly rich in biological resources， and is a world-class biodiversity hotspot. In China it is known as the “Kingdom of animals， plants and fungi.”
　　Wild edible， poisonous， medicinal and many other kinds of fungi whose uses are currently unknown， are all resources that people pay attention to. Statistically， there are more than 1，000 species of edible mushrooms， 480 poisonous fungi and 690 medicinal fungi in China (Institute of Edible Fungi of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences， 1991; Mao， 2006; Dai et al.， 2010; Bau et al.， 2014; Wu et al.， 2019). In southwestern China， more than 800 species of edible mushrooms， more than 200 poisonous fungi and 300 medicinal ones， ranking it at the top of fungal diversity in China (Wang et al.， 1983; Wu， 1989; Mao et al.， 1993; Ying & Zang， 1994; Yuan & Sun， 1995; Zang， 1996; Wang & Liu， 2002; Wang et al.， 2004; He， 2011; Liu， 2016; Pubu et al.， 2016; Ma et al.， 2017). Moreover， new fungal resources continue to be discovered in the region (Cui et al.， 2018; Du et al.， 2019; Wang et al.， 2019; Ge et al.， 2020; Han et al.， 2020; Jian et al.， 2020).
　　It has been estimated that the natural production of wild edible fungi in Yunnan Province alone is 500，000 tons per year， and about 100，000 tons of fresh wild edible fungi are collected and utilized each year (Wang， 2005). For example， in the wild mushroom industry in Yunnan， there are more than 400 enterprises and companies engaged in purchasing raw mushrooms from collectors， processing them and then exporting them. The export of matsutake alone brings in about 200 million US dollars (Yunnan Edible Fungi Association， 2007). The annual value of wild edible fungi harvested in Yunnan has recently reached 10 billion yuan.
　　Wild edible mushrooms have a high nutritional value. The protein content is three to six times the protein content of common vegetables， such as Chinese cabbage and tomato. They contain many kinds of vitamins， more than ten kinds of micro nutrients beneficial to the human body and eight kinds of amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize. They do not， or rarely， contain fats and cholesterols. Wild mushrooms are known as “delicacies from the mountains” due to their delicious flavor and rich nutritional value.