各国大使眼中的一带一路(汉英)(精)

作者简介

孙超，“***”大使访谈总策划、深圳大学客座教授；***发展研究中心副**职称。 曾在**货币基金组织、《华尔街日报》、新加坡南洋理工大学、哈佛大学以及纽约联合国总部等**组织和学术机构学习、交流、工作。2008年作为**的中国青年女性代表获选参加“**女性**导师计划”，受到时任美国国务卿赖斯的接见；师从世界500强企业时代集团首位女性**兼CEO安·摩尔；2019年，获选出席首届财新**青年**论坛。

内容简介

序一 推进“***” 从倾听开始 习近平**提出的“***” 倡议, 得到了**社会的热烈反响。“***” 开局良好, 在短短几年的时间里取得了超出预想的进展和效果。 “ ***” 秉持“共商、共建、共享” 的丝路精神, 主要内容是“五通”, 即政策沟通、道路联通、贸易畅通、货币流通和民心相通。要把“共商、共建、共享” 落到实处, 首先要做好政策沟通, 把“***”与相关**的发展战略进行对接。其前提是, 充分了解相关**的战略、政策和对“***” 的真实想法。因此, 我认为, 推进“***” 不妨从倾听开始。 “***” 倡议提出后, 本书作者孙超就“***” 倡议采访了数十位相关**驻华大使和**组织***, 其成果连续在《中国发展观察》杂志上发表, 形成《“***” 大使访谈》专栏。 大使访谈具有其独**值, 一是**性, 大使代表一个**, 他所表达的意见并非个人意见, 而是代表**意志, 这和专家学者发表个人意见是不同的, 通过大使访谈, 我们了解到的是相关**政府的想法。二是双向性, 大使不仅了解其本国的政策, 而且比一般的官员*了解中国, *了解“***” 倡议, 同时他还承担着不断深入了解“***” 的使命, 因此, 大使访谈还会让读者了解到相关**对“***” 的关注点。三是鲜活性, 大使访谈都是面对面交流的记录, 较之干巴巴的政府文件, 大使访谈生动鲜活, 有很多个性化的内容, 读来令人兴趣盎然。 现在本书作者孙超将大使访谈结集出版, 这是一件有意义的工作。我愿意向读者朋友**这本访谈录。 是为序。 隆国强 ***发展研究中心副主任(副部长)、党组成员 北京 序二 一个*健康、*公平的**化战略 我很荣幸应邀参与《“***” 大使访谈》栏目, 至今印象深刻。能将我的工作同“***” 倡议对接, 是一件很令人振奋的事情。 在中国, 恐怕没有人不知道“***” 倡议; 即使是在国外, 这个倡议也广为人知。关于“***” 倡议的意义, 很多学者和有影响力的人物都做出了解读和评价, 探讨很广泛也很深入。我的解读不一定有很多特色, 不过我想结合我的工作谈一谈对“***” 倡议的理解。 **, 2015 年7 月21 日, 金砖**新开发银行正式开业, 创始成员国为巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非, 总部设在中国上海。作为一家新型多边开发银行, 其使命就是支持新兴市场和发展中**基础设施的建设和可持续发展, 致力于缓解它们长期以来面临的资金瓶颈, 为**经济加快复苏提供新动力, 这一点与“***” 倡议的初衷**吻合。新开发银行希望能在中国实体经济转型升级、创新发展**献自己的力量。 第二, “***” 大有文章可做, 不可把眼光放得太窄。我们不能简单地把“***” 倡议看成一个只为共建**建设*多基础设施的倡议。在“***” 倡议的框架下, 实现基础设施的互联互通确实是重中之重, 但*不是全部。我认为它是一个新版的**化战略, 是一个中国提倡的**化战略, 是一个*健康、*公平的**化战略。如何通过这个战略的实施, 把那些欠发展的***深入地纳入**化过程中来, 纳入**供应链当中, 使这些**自身的潜力和比较优势得到充分发挥, 摆脱贫困,也使它们得以从低收入**变成中等收入**, 进而从中等收入**变成高收入**, 使它们的经济社会发展起来, 应该是“***” 倡议**关键的一个方面。 第三, 要理性对待对“***” 倡议的不同解读, 凝聚*多**共识。倡议是中国提出的, 但目标是促进各国共同发展。在初期, 中国可以担任*多建设性角色, 把平台搭建好, 但是归根结底还需要**支持。“***” 作为一个**性倡议, 当然可以有不同解读, 在**上也需要有一个被大家广泛认可的**版。有不同解读, 甚至有一些误解, 这本身并不奇怪, 可以说是一种常态。但是如果有负面的解读, 那需要多做一些解释性工作, *需要通过实践, 让事实证明我们的初衷。“***” 倡议可能会给中国带来一些看得见的好处, 但是它*大的贡献是**性的, 给共建**和地区带来的变化比给中国带来的好处多得多。同时, 在“***” 倡议实施过程中, 应该记住很多共建**是不发达**, 它们的条件与**的中国很不一样, 不可能把中国的经验全部移植过去。要重视、尊重当地的法律、法规、文化, 同时也要考虑当地的一些国别情况可能给中国的企业和投资方带来的一些不利条件甚至风险。要针对不同情况和条件, 拿出不同的应对方法。“***” 倡议的实施, 还必须给当地的老百姓带来实实在在的好处。只有这样, 广大老百姓才会真心实意地支持。当然, 这也涉及如何将战略和实际结合的问题。中国与其他**地区的建设思路有相同点, 也有不同点, 只有汇聚*多共识, 大家才能够拧成一股绳, 才能一起发力。 在“***” 背景下, 新开发银行的很多工作可以促进倡议的实施。对我采访的文章中提到, 新开发银行的成员国都是发展中大国, 在各自的区域内发挥着**作用。尤其是中国, 经历了由计划经济到社会主义市场经济的重要过渡, 一跃成为世界第二大经济体。我的工作经历恰恰是中国改革开放40 年来沧桑巨变的折射: 我的工作生涯前一半是以**为主, 特别是在***; 后一半基本是在**组织, 包括三个机构, 分别是亚洲开发银行、世界银行和新开发银行。我亲身经历了中国和**机构的合作不断发展的过程。 我个人的职业生涯, 从相对比较青涩到相对比较高层的领导岗位, 既经历过积极的事件, 也应对过很多挑战, 甚至可以说是危机。比如, 当初中国走向社会主义市场经济的时候, 世界银行提供了一些援助和建议, 在有条件、有选择的情况下, 中国政府给予积极采纳, 为中国开放、改革提供了有益的借鉴。同时我也参与了20 世纪80 年代末、90 年代初世界银行从对中国暂停贷款、制裁到恢复的整个博弈过程。另外, 20 世纪90 年代末, 国外一些别有用心的人在达赖集团的唆使下, 利用中国西部扶贫项目向中国施加压力, 我们当时也面临了严峻挑战。这些挑战给我的启示就是, 在**机构, 特别是在发展领域, 既要有自己坚实的技术能力和基础, 同时也要有政治敏锐性, 才能有理有力地维护**利益。 **中国成为世界上很有影响力、发展方面*有成绩的一个大国, 我们也可以把有效的经验有的放矢地分享到其他**去。从这个角度来讲,根据我在**机构包括世界银行的一些经验和经历, 我觉得新开发银行既要学习其他成熟的**机构的成功经验, 也需要与时俱进。中国和其他发展中**应该能够探讨出新的路子, 在新的领域创建新的平台, 做出新的成绩, 这可能是我个人到新开发银行任职的重要目标, 希望能够把这家银行做成一个跟其他银行有所不同, 有自己品牌和特色、有自己突出业绩的新的多边**机构。 “***” 包罗万象, 不管什么背景的读者、观众都可以关注大使访谈, 都能从各个中外决策者身上得到启发。倡议虽然宏大, 但与我们的生活息息相关, 中国的发展与每个人的生活都紧密联系, 甚至与世界各国的发展都密不可分。《“***” 大使访谈》为大家提供了观察中国的新视角, 透过不同**、不同领域的声音聆听中国故事。早年在华盛顿工作时, 我就认识了本书的作者孙超。她曾经在美国哈佛大学学习, 也曾在联合国、**货币基金组织等**组织工作, 是一位有着**化视野和实践经历的青年学者,我**愿意向海内外的有识之士、热心读者推荐本书。 祝宪 新开发银行副行长、首席运营官 上海 序三 世界正在进入一个充满不确定性的新时期。对包容性和高质量增长的乐观预测, 与对多方面潜在的灾难性冲突的悲观预测并存。中国的“***” 倡议是目前改变**地缘政治和经济格局的*深刻的发展之一。与历**类似的巨大变化一样, **上反应的多样性是可以理解的。这对于塑造了二战后**秩序的**大国美国*是如此。华尔街和跨国公司的一些商业精英认为“***” 是当今世界的重要经济机会; 而华盛顿的一些政策制定者和舆论**往往解读为这是“中国威胁论” 的主要表现。如何让世界准确全面地了解“***” 的理念和运作, 需要*多的**对话和*广阔的**视野。孙超的《各国大使眼中的“***”》, 尤其是书中她与近20 位各国大使的访谈, 是增进**间沟通、避免相互误判的力作。无论是中国**读者还是海外人士, 都可从中获益良多。 李成 美国布鲁金斯学会约翰·桑顿中国中心主任及**研究员 Preface Ⅰ To Promote “the Belt and Road” Initiative, Start from Listening The “Belt and Road” Initiative put forward by President Xi Jinping received overwhelming responses from the international community. The Initiative had a wonderful beginning and the great achievements it has made in just 6 years are more than expected. The “Belt and Road” Initiative is guided by the silk principle of “extensive consultation, joint efforts and win-win cooperation”, with main contents of “Five Connectiviy”: achieving policy, infrastructure, trade, financial, and people-topeople connectivity. In order to put the silk principle in place, we must give priority to policy connectivity, connecting the “Belt and Road” Initiative to related strategies of other countries. The precondition is to fully understand the strategies, policies and the heartfelt opinions about the “Belt and Road” Initiative of other countries concerned. Therefore, to promote the “Belt and Road” Initiative, we may start from listening. After the Initiative was proposed, Sun Chao, the author of this book interviewed dozens of ambassadors and leaders of international organizations. The achievements of these interviews were published continuously in China Development Observation, a well-known core magazine of Development and Research Center of the State Council. Moreover, Sun Chao launched the “Belt and Road” Ambassador Interview Program. The ambassadors’ interviews are of great significance. First, they are authoritative. On behalf of a country, an ambassador?s opinions are not personal but represent national wills, which are different from the views expressed by experts and scholars. Through ambassador interviews, we can understand what views a country holds about the Initiative. Second, they are bilateral. Ambassadors not only understand their countries’ policies but also have a better insight about China and the Initiative than other officials of foreign countries. At the same time, they undertake the mission of deepening their understandings of the Belt and Road Initiative. Therefore, by interviewing ambassadors, audiences will find what these countries pay attention to. Third, they are vivid. These interviews are all face-toface communications rather than dull government documents. Thus, they are vivid and interesting with distinctive contents. It is very meaningful for Sun Chao, author of this book to publish these indepth interviews. I sincerely recommend this book to all the audience. This is the preface of the book. Long Guoqiang Vice President (Vice-Minister) of Development Research Center of the State Council Beijing Preface II A Healthier and Fairer Globalization I am privileged to be invited to join the “Belt and Road” Ambassador Interview Program, which impressed me a lot. It is inspiring for me to connect my work with the “Belt and Road” Initiative. In China, I believe almost everyone knows this Initiative and it is also quite well-known abroad. As to the meaning of the “Belt and Road” Initiative, many scholars and key influencers have conveyed their understandings with extensive and profound discussions. My interpretation does not necessarily have many specialties, but I want to express my understandings about the “Belt and Road” Initiative on the basis of my work. First of all, on July 21, 2015, New Development Bank (NDB) was officially open. Its founding members include Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Its headquarter is in Shanghai. As a new type of multilateral development bank, its mission is to support the construction of infrastructure and sustainable development in emerging markets and developing countries. It is committed to alleviating the financial bottlenecks that they have faced for a long time and providing new impetus for the accelerated recovery of the global economy, which is consistent with the original intention of the “Belt and Road” Initiative. The NDB hopes to make its own contribution to the transformation, upgrading, innovation and development in the China’s real economy. Second, the “Belt and Road” Initiative is quite promising and we should take a long-term perspective. We cannot simply regard it as an initiative that helps to develop more infrastructures for the countries along the “Belt and Road” . Under the framework of it, to achieve the connectivity of infrastructure is the priority, but the content of it is much more than that. I regard it as a new version of globalization, one that was put forward by China and that is healthier and fairer. It should be a critical aspect of the Initiative to consider how to integrate less developed countries into the globalization process and into global supply chains more deeply through the implementation of the Initiative. In that case, their own potentials and comparative advantages can be fully exploited to lift them out of poverty and enable them to move from low-income to middle-income countries, and then from middleincome to high-income countries, making their economy and society more developed. Third, we should rationally deal with the different interpretations of the “Belt and Road” Initiative and achieve more international consensus. The Initiative was put forward by China, but the goal is to promote common development among all countries. In the early days, China can play a more constructive role in building the platform. However, in the later stages, the international supports will be needed. As a global initiative, it can be interpreted differently, but we also need to have a widely-recognized version at the international level. There are different interpretations, even some misunderstandings, which is not surprising. However, if there are negative interpretations, we must do more work and prove our original intentions through facts. The “Belt and Road” Initiative may bring some tangible benefits to China, but its greater contribution is global, bringing much more benefits to countries and regions along the “Belt and Road”. At the same time, in the implementation of the “Belt and Road” Initiative, it should be remembered that many countries along the “Belt and Road” are less developed countries. Thus, their conditions are quite different from these of today’s China and it is impossible to transfer all of China’s experience to these countries. We should understand and respect local laws, regulations and culture. Meanwhile, we need to take into account some potential unfavorable conditions and even risks Chinese enterprises and investors are facing due to different situations in some countries. According to different situations and conditions, we should come up with different solutions. The implementation of the Initiative must also bring tangible benefits to the local people. Only in this way will the general public give sincere and full supports. Of course, this also involves how to combine strategy and practice. There are similarities and differences in development visions between China and other nations, and only to gather more consensus can we bring us all together. Much of the work of the NDB can contribute to the implementation of the Initiative. As mentioned in the interview with me, the members of the New Development Bank are all big developing countries and play a leading role in their respective regions. China, in particular, has gone through an important transition from a planned economy to a socialist market economy, becoming the second largest economy in the world. My work experience is precisely the reflection of the vicissitudes of China’s reform and opening up over the past 40 years. The first half of my career was in China, especially in the Ministry of finance; the latter half was largely in international organizations, including three institutions: the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the New Development Bank. I have personally experienced the continuous development of cooperation between China and international institutions.For example, from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, I also participated in the whole process of game from the suspension of loans to sanctions on China and to restore lending to China by the World Bank. In addition, at the end of the 1990s, at the instigation of the Dalai clique, some foreign people with ulterior motives took advantage of poverty alleviation projects in western China to exert pressure on China, and we faced severe challenges at that time. These challenges have taught me that in the international institutions, in the area of development particularly, we must have our own solid technical capacity and foundation, as well as a keen political sensitivity, in order to be able to effectively defend our national interests. Today, China has become one of the most influential and successful countries in the world. We can also share our effective experience with other countries. From this perspective, based on some of my experience in international institutions, including the World Bank, I feel that the New Development Bank needs to learn from the successful experience of other mature international institutions and keep pace with the times. China and other developing countries should be able to explore new ways, create new platforms and make new achievements in new areas, which may be an important goal for me personally to serve in the new development bank. I hope I will be able to make the bank a new multilateral international institution with different features from other banks. It will have its own brand and characteristics, as well as outstanding performance. The Belt and Road Initiative is inclusive. Readers from various backgrounds can appreciate the Ambassador Interview, and can be inspired by every decision-maker at home and abroad. Although the initiative is grand, it is closely related to our life. China’s development is closely linked to everyone’s life, and even the development of the world. This book provides readers and audience with a new perspective to observe China and to listen to Chinese stories through voices from various countries and fields. When I was working in Washington D. C. , I knew Sun Chao, the author of the book. She studied at Harvard University and gained working experiences in different international organizations, including the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund. She is a young professional with international perspectives and practical experiences. I sincerely recommend this book to all the audience at home and abroad. Zhu Xian Vice President, COO of the New Development Bank Shanghai Preface III The world is entering a new era of uncertainty. The optimistic outlook for inclusive and highquality growth coincides with the pessimistic predictions of many catastrophic conflicts. China?s Belt and Road Initiative is one of the most profound developments that have changed the global geopolitical and economic landscape. Like the dramatic changes in history, it is understandable that the international responses are diverse. This is especially true for the United States—the superpower that shaped the international order after World War II. Many business elites of Wall Street and multinational companies believe that the Belt and Road provides an important economic opportunity for the world while some policy makers and opinion leaders in Washington often regard this as the performance of the “China threat theory”. For the world, more international dialogues and broader global perspectives are greatly needed to understand the concept and operation of the Belt and Road accurately and comprehensively. Through in-depth dialogues with ambassadors and global leaders, Sun Chao?s “The ‘Ambassadors’ Views on the Belt and Road Initiative” is a masterpiece to enhance international communication and to avoid misjudgment. Readers from China and overseas can benefit a lot. Li Cheng Director of the John L. Thornton China Center, the Brookings Institution 1.**视角。 本丛书突破了中国本土作者的视角，真实展现外国人眼中的“***”倡议，多元文化背景下“***”所引发的**思考与行动，客观公允。 2. 系统全面。 本丛书以“五通”为线索，全面梳理了倡议提出以来各参与主体在政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通等方面所做出的积极探索与行动，以及所取得的具有标志性的建设成果。 3. 鲜活生动。 本丛书非枯燥的学术性研究，而是用通俗易懂的语言，再现了与大使面对面交流的访谈精华，即使是普通读者也能很容易地理解“***”倡议的实质及深远影响。 4.很接地气。 本丛书内容选取了关键合作关键项目进行案例剖析，彰显了“***”倡议从理念转化为行动，从愿景转化为现实，从倡议转化为**广受欢迎的公共产品的现实过程。 5.具前瞻性。 本丛书透过各国大使和政要的谈话及观点，反映出各国及区域组织如何将自身经济社会发展与“***”倡议作有机结合，未来向高质量发展迈进，对推动“***”建设，**经济社会合作都具有重要现实指导价值。